The Parisian club has now secured the prestigious cup on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward win in the match between the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring early on.
However, Marseille struck two times late to seize a surprise advantage. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the penalty spot, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the final moments to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the hero, stopping decisive attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all scored with composure for PSG to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
The record winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the 12th time in the last thirteen seasons.